Longing is the act of purchasing an asset (like a stock, cryptocurrency, or commodity) in a bull market with the expectation that its price will increase over time. Shorting, on the other hand, involves borrowing an asset in a bear market, selling it, and purchasing it later at a lower price.
Shorting carries increased risk compared to traditional long positions due to its potential for unlimited losses. When traders long an asset, they can never lose more than their invested capital. When traders short an asset, however, there is potentially no limit to how much money they can lose – if the asset's price rises instead of falls, the losses are theoretically unlimited.
What is Longing?
Longing, also known as "going long" or "buying long", is one of the most common forms of trading and involves purchasing an asset with the belief that its price will go up in the future.
For example, a trader will purchase 1 bitcoin (BTC) at $20,000, betting that the price of BTC will rise. If the price of Bitcoin does increase as expected, they can sell their BTC for a profit. For instance, if the price climbs to $25,000, and they sell, the trader would earn a $5,000 profit (minus any trading fees).
When a trader is involved in a long position, their profit potential increases as the asset's price rises. Conversely, if the price falls, they would incur a loss.
What is Shorting?
Shorting, or “selling short”, is typically considered a more advanced strategy.
The aim for the short trader is to make a profit when the asset’s price falls and requires the trader to borrow an asset from their broker, sell the asset in the spot market, and acquire the asset later at a lower price.
For example, if a trader believes that Bitcoin is overpriced at $20,000, they would borrow 1 BTC from their broker, sell it immediately for $20,000, and then wait for the price of BTC to fall. If it does drop to $15,000, the trader would buy back 1 BTC to repay the loan, leaving them with a $5,000 profit (minus fees and interest).
When a trader is involved in a short position, their profit potential increases as the asset's price falls. On the other hand, if the price rises, they would incur a loss.
Long vs. Short
Traders taking long positions are more common thanks to the limited risk and the potential for ownership benefits (when longing stocks specifically). Short positions, however, can be slightly riskier, but they offer a unique way to profit from falling prices.
When choosing between longing and shorting, traders rely on market analysis to determine potential price directions. This involves factors like identifying broader market trends, understanding various asset news and economic events (also known as fundamental analysis), and interpreting chart patterns and indicators (known as technical analysis). Market sentiment, or the overall mood of investors, can also play a role in traders' decisions.
Going long and going short offer vastly different possibilities for potential profit and loss:
| Going Long | Going Short |
Upside | If an asset's price rises, so do the potential gains. In stocks, traders that long become part-owner of the underlying company. | Traders profit if the price of the asset falls, opening opportunities when markets decline. |
Downside | The maximum loss is limited to the amount invested. | Losses are theoretically unlimited, as an asset’s price can rise indefinitely. |
Requirements | Traders need cash upfront to purchase the asset. | Traders need a margin account and are required to pay interest on borrowed money. |
Additional Information | Some stocks pay dividends, providing extra income. | For stocks that pay dividends, traders will owe the dividends on the shorted stock. |
Risks of Longing and Shorting
While all trading involves risk, longing and shorting each present their own unique set of potential ones.
Long positions typically have a defined maximum loss set at the initial investment amount. If the asset bought dips below the price it was bought at, traders would lose what they put in. Shorting, on the other hand, carries the risk of potentially unlimited losses, since the price of an asset could theoretically rise forever.
Both strategies can be amplified through leverage, when traders borrow money to carry out a trade. Leverage magnifies both potential gains and losses. In a long position, if the asset's price drops significantly, traders may receive a margin call, forcing them to deposit more funds or face liquidation of their position. When shorting, a sudden price spike against the trader would have the same effect.
Volatility, or rapid price swings, is another major risk factor. This is especially true in markets like cryptocurrency, where high volatility is common. A volatile asset can quickly move against a trader’s position, leading to margin calls or significant losses, even if their overall prediction about the market direction is ultimately correct.
Conclusion
Longing and shorting are powerful tools, but it's crucial to understand their distinct risk profiles.
While Longing provides the foundation for traditional investing, shorting offers advanced traders a way to navigate market downturns.
Whichever strategy traders choose, thorough market analysis and careful risk management are essential for success.
Key Takeaways
- Longing is the act of purchasing an asset with the expectation that it will rise over time. Shorting involves borrowing an asset and selling it with the expectation that it can be bought later at a lower price
- Longing typically has limited downside risk, while shorting carries the potential for unlimited losses.
- Successful trading, whether longing or shorting, relies on analyzing market trends, news, technical indicators, and overall sentiment.
- Both strategies are vulnerable to sudden price swings. Understanding leverage, margin calls, and the impact of volatility is key to mitigating risk.